大别山山核桃果实与叶片性状的表型多样性研究

[目的]探讨大别山山核桃天然种群的表型多样性,为种质资源收集、优选、改良提供理论支持,为大别山山核桃的开发利用奠定基础。[方法]从19个大别山山核桃天然种群中选取198个单株,测定其果实和叶片的表型性状共16个,采用巢式方差分析,单因素方差分析,相关性分析,非加权配对算数平均法(UPGMA)等方法揭示大别山山核桃表型性状与地理分布的关系及其变异规律。[结果](1)大别山山核桃的16个表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),表明大别山山核桃的表型多样性非常丰富;(2)各表型性状的变异范围为1.64%-26.59%,平均变异系数为9.63%;果实表型与叶片表型的种群内平均变异系数分别为6.16%和15.42%,果实表型平均变异系数较小,性状相对稳定;(3)表型性状间的相关性分析表明,性状间达极显著相关的有60对,达显著相关的11对;(4)种群间和种群内的平均方差分量百分比分别为49.28%和17.53%,平均表型分化系数为66.25%,表明大别山山核桃表型变异主要来自种群间;(5)当距离系数为0.04时,19个种群被分为4类,聚类情况基本与经度的变化一致。     

SnToxA,SnTox1, and SnTox3 originated in Parastagonospora nodorum in the Fertile Crescent

The centre of origin of the globally distributed wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum has remained uncertain because only a small number of isolates from the Fertile Crescent were included in earlier population genetic and phylogeographic studies. We isolated and genetically analysed 193 P. nodorum strains from three naturally infected wheat fields distributed across Iran using 11 neutral microsatellite loci. Compared to previous studies that included populations from North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and China, the populations from Iran had the highest genetic diversity globally and also exhibited greater population structure over smaller spatial scales, patterns typically associated with the centre of origin of a species. Genes encoding the necrotrophic effectors SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3 were found at a high frequency in the Iranian population. By sequencing 96 randomly chosen Iranian strains, we detected new alleles for all three effector genes. Analysis of allele diversity showed that all three effector genes had higher diversity in Iran than in any population included in previous studies, with Iran acting as a hub for the effector diversity that was found in other global populations. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that P. nodorum originated either within or nearby the Fertile Crescent with a genome that already encoded all three necrotrophic effectors during its emergence as a pathogen on wheat. Our findings also suggest that P. nodorum was the original source of the ToxA genes discovered in the wheat pathogens Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp. tritici 1, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Bipolaris sorokiniana.     

河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带沙丘不同生境沙拐枣种群扩张特征研究

本研究以河西走廊荒漠绿洲边缘关键天然固沙植物沙拐枣为研究对象,对流动沙丘、固定沙丘不同生境的沙拐枣种群扩张特征进行调查,旨在更全面地认识其种群扩张特征和对干旱高温环境的适应对策。结果表明：（1）沙丘不同生境,沙拐枣种群扩张方式存在显著差异：在流动沙丘,丘间低地和过渡带以有性繁殖为主,无性繁殖为辅;迎风坡和背风坡以无性繁殖为主;而随着流动沙丘固定,种群以有性繁殖为主,无性繁殖数量和所占比重显著下降,并导致种群数量下降。（2）不同生境中沙拐枣种群密度与年龄均呈显著负相关,种群以幼龄苗为主,种群最大年龄出现在丘间低地,为36龄。（3）流动沙丘不同生境根状茎主要为2年生,多年生根状茎长度较短;而固定沙丘不同生境根状茎年龄结构较为均衡。     

大湘西地区绿茶风味轮及其滋味类型判别模型构建

以湖南大湘西地区39份绿茶样本为材料,进行感官审评,绘制风味轮,并以主要滋味成分含量为基础建立滋味类型贝叶斯(Bayes)判别模型,旨在了解大湘西地区绿茶品质情况,并为提升大湘西地区绿茶品质提供参考。结果表明:大湘西地区绿茶品质优良,汤色以浅绿色居多;香气类型包括嫩香、嫩栗香、栗香和清香;滋味特征类型有鲜、爽、厚;在此基础上,构建了大湘西地区鲜爽型、醇浓型和其它型绿茶的判别函数,具有较好的准确性,可用于对大湘西地区绿茶滋味类型的预测。     

Artificial Diet Influences Population Growth of the Root Maggot Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)

In order to investigate the effects of artificial diets on the population growth of root maggot Bradysia impatiens, its population growth parameters were assayed on eight artificial diets (Diet 1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8). Results showed that developmental duration from egg to pupa was successfully completed on all eight artificial diets. However, the egg to pupal duration was shortest, while the survival rate of four insect stages was lowest when B. impatiens was reared on D1. When B. impatiens was reared on D7 and D8, the survival rate, female longevity, and female oviposition were higher than those reared on other diets. When B. impatiens was reared on D7, the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m = 0.19/d), net reproductive rate (R₀ = 39.88 offspring per individual), and finite rate of increase (λ = 1.21/d) were higher for its population growth with shorter generation time (T = 19.49 d) and doubling time (Dt = 3.67 d). The findings indicate that the D7 artificial diet is more appropriate for the biological parameters of B. impatiens and can be used an indoor breeding food for population expansion as well as further research. We propose that vitamin C supplement added to the D7 is critical for the improvement of the B. impatiens growth.     

Regional and temporal differentiation of virulence phenotypes of Puccinia triticina from common wheat in Russia during the period 2001–2018

Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina, is one of the most damaging rust diseases of wheat in Russia. Populations of P. triticina were monitored in seven regions of Russia from 2001 to 2018, with a total of 5,191 single urediniospore isolates from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) being analysed. Populations have changed significantly in all regions since 2012, after 2 years of drought (2010–2011). Regional collections of P. triticina were also significantly different between the two periods 2001–2009 and 2012–2018, with changes along two geographic gradients from West Siberia to the north-west and south-west (North Caucasia) of the European part of Russia. All tested isolates were avirulent to resistance gene Lr9 in 2001–2009 but, since 2010, virulence to Lr9 has occurred and annually increased in the Asian part of Russia (Ural and West Siberia) due to deployment of cultivars with the Lr9 gene. Virulence to Lr2a and Lr15 was considerably lower in Dagestan (6%–33%) and all European regions (35%–67%) than in Asian regions (84%–96%). During 2001–2009, virulence on Lr1 was also lower in Dagestan (33%) and the European regions (50%–77%) than in Asia (91%–96%); however, by 2012–2018, nearly all isolates were virulent on Lr1. Remarkable changes were observed in frequencies of P. triticina races defined by their virulence/avirulence to Lr1 and Lr2a genes. We postulate the P. triticina population in Dagestan is specific to that area and pathogen populations in European and Asian parts of Russia are distinct.     

中华稻蝗Knickkopf(Knk)基因分子特性和生物学功能

基于中华稻蝗转录组数据库,采用生物信息学方法搜索获得1条OcKnk基因全长cDNA序列,采用qRT-PCR检测其组织部位表达特性和其在表皮发育过程中表达情况,明确其分子特性,采用RNAi技术结合表型观察,研究其对中华稻蝗蜕皮和生长发育的影响,以明确其生物学功能。组织部位表达结果显示其在中华稻蝗体壁、前肠和脂肪体表达最高,发育表达结果显示其在表皮不同发育日龄均有表达,且在蜕皮前期和后期表达显著高于其他日龄。生物学功能研究表明,注射dsRNA后,多数虫体难以成功蜕去旧表皮,导致死亡,少部分可蜕至下一龄期,但活动力较低,行动缓慢,最终死亡。研究结果表明OcKnk参与昆虫生长发育和蜕皮过程,可作为重要靶标基因,为下一步害虫防治提供理论基础。     

Temporal disease dynamics and relative importance of sexual and asexual reproduction of grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in an isolated vineyard in the North Georgia Mountains,USA

The North Georgia Mountains are the southernmost region along the United States East Coast where European wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) are grown commercially. Epidemics of downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, are frequent and severe, but little is known about the epidemiology and population biology of the pathogen in this region. Disease monitoring in an experimental vineyard from 2015 to 2017 indicated that times of disease onset and progress rates were highly variable across years and cultivars. Oospores were observed microscopically, and simulation with a process-based model indicated presence of conditions favourable for oospore germination in the spring and early summer each year. A total of 409 P. viticola isolates collected over three  years were genotyped with seven microsatellite markers, revealing very high genotypic diversity, which when combined with the observation of oospores is indicative of a sexually reproducing population. Among the 409 isolates, 225 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, of which 164 were detected only once and 61 were repeated (clonal). Eight MLGs (represented by 28 isolates) were detected across years, suggesting the possibility of asexual overwintering of P. viticola in this region. Across sampling dates, the percentage of isolates belonging to nonrepeated (unique) MLGs ranged from 27.3% to 63.2%. Even towards the end of the annual epidemic, the percentage of isolates in nonrepeated MLGs was still relatively high, around 30%. These MLGs may have originated from oospores germinating late during the growing season, although incomplete sampling at earlier dates and contribution by immigration cannot be fully excluded.     

橡胶树优树无性系自然越冬过程生理指标变化研究

以橡胶树5个人工杂交子代优树无性系苗木为材料，通过自然越冬低温处理，以抗寒品种GT1为对照，测定了5个时间梯度下10个生理指标的变化过程，并利用隶属函数法对各无性系抗寒性进行综合评价。结果表明，整个自然越冬过程中各无性系间相对含水量、相对电导率、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性、超氧阴离子（OFR）、氨基酸（AA）、脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标差异均达到了极显著（P<0.01）水平；温度较高时各无性系间丙二醛（MDA）含量差异未达到显著水平。自然越冬过程中，各生理指标呈现不同的变化规律，其中相对含水量和脯氨酸含量呈先降后升变化，SOD、POD酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量呈“升—降—升”变化，相对电导率、MDA和可溶性糖含量呈“降—升—降”变化、OFR含量呈先升后降、AA含量呈“降—升—降—升”变化。各无性系间抗寒性差异较明显，应用隶属函数法综合评价抗寒性由强到弱依次为629号＞626号＞182号＞223号＞GT1（对照）＞628号。     

川渝地区地方和育成大豆品种SSR标记多样性分析?

利用基本均匀分布于大豆20条染色体的135对SSR标记，对232份包括6个地方品种地域亚群和1个育成品种亚群进行全基因组扫描。结果表明：所有的标记都有多态性，所有检测到的位点都是纯合基因型，说明所选用品种高度纯合，每个标记存在2～4个等位变异，平均2.66个。亚群多态信息含量变异范围0.2751-0.3165，整个群体为0.3208；亚群内Nei遗传距离变异范围0.325 8～0.359 4，整个群体为0.3711，说明川渝地区大豆遗传变异较小。亚群间的遗传一致度（GI ≥ 0.8862）较高，亚群间遗传距离（GD ≤ 0.1208）较小，地方品种亚群间遗传差异更小，育成品种亚群与自然地域亚群的遗传差异相对较大。亚群间基因分化系数（Fst）平均为 0.0722，基因流（Nm）平均为 3.214，说明不同亚群之间存在一定的基因交流。主坐标分析表明第一、二和三主成分分别解释总变异的4.97%、3.54%和3.33%。来自同一区域的品种资源基本聚集在同一亚群，聚类分析同样表明同一自然地域亚群品种资源虽不能完全聚集到同一个遗传类群中，但具有一定的聚集效应，说明川渝大豆品种资源遗传变异与地理位置有一定的关系。分子方差分析表明亚群内变异占总变异的97%，亚群间变异仅占总变异的3%。Mantel收敛分析表明地方品种自然地域亚群的遗传距离与所处的地理位置距离（纬度和海拔）呈显著的正相关关系（R2=0.723）。川渝地区大豆种质资源群体遗传丰富度不高，当前的育成品种未蕴含本地区所有遗传变异。